Jiang Zuobin
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Jiang Zuobin | |
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| Born | March 4, 1884 |
| Died | December 24, 1942 (aged 58) China |
| Nationality | China |
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| Predecessor | Geng Dexiang |
| Spouse(s) | Zhang Shujia and Tang Runqiong |
Jiang Zuobin (March 1884 - December 24, 1942), courtesy name Yuyan, was born in Yingcheng County, De'an County, Hubei Province. Chinese democratic revolutionary, political and military figure of the Republic of China, diplomat.
Life
Activities of the Revolutionaries
He was born on the seventh day of February in the tenth year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty (March 4, 1884). Xu Lewu recorded his birthday as the sixth day of February (March 3, 1884) [1] Chiang was born into a rich peasant family. Jiang Zuobin was a scholar at the age of 15. In 1902 (the 28th year of Guangxu's reign), he entered Wuchang Wenpong Middle School. Under the influence of his classmate Song Jiaoren, his thoughts became increasingly revolutionary.
After graduating from middle school in 1905 (the 31st year of Guangxu), he studied in Japan at official expense and entered Tokyo Zhenwu School. In August of the same year, the tongmenghui was established in Tokyo, and Jiang Zuobin participated in the association. In 1907 (the 33rd year of Guangxu's reign), he entered the 4th phase of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy and graduated in July of the following year. After returning to China, he served as a teacher at Baoding Military Academy. In 1909 (the first year of Xuantong), he took part in the Army Study Abroad Graduate Examination, won second place with distinction, and was appointed section chief of the Military Balance Department of the Ministry of the Army. The following year, he was promoted to director of the Military Scale Department.
In October 1911 (the third year of Xuantong), Zhang Shaozeng, Wu Luzhen and Lan Tianwei who were stationed in Zhili Province launched a military remonstrance in Luanzhou, demanding that the Qing Dynasty formulate a constitution and implement a responsible cabinet system. Following orders from the Qing Dynasty, Jiang Zuobin went to appease Zhang Shaozeng's troops, secretly contacted the revolutionaries, and persuaded Zhang Shaozeng to raise his troops in an attempt to seize Beijing by force, but to no avail. Later, he went to Shenyang to plan the Lantianwei tribe to raise troops and become independent, but to no avail.
Jiang Zuobin gave up the idea of uprising in the north and went to the south to join the revolutionaries. After arriving in Jiangxi Province, Jiang served as acting chief of staff of the Jiujiang Governor's Office. Chiang commanded Jiangxi's civilian army to Guangji and Huanggang in Hubei Province, effectively containing the Qing army's attack on the revolutionary Hubei military government. At the end of the year, he was invited to Shanghai to participate in organizing the Provisional Government of the Republic of China.[2]
Activities in the Early Republic of China
On January 1, 1912 (the first year of the Republic of China), the Provisional Government of the Republic of China was established in Nanjing, and Jiang Zuobin was appointed Deputy Minister of the Ministry of War. Chiang quickly reorganized the military system of the revolutionaries, took in teachers from the Baoding Military Academy to organize the Nanjing Military Academy, and reorganized the Hubei New Army with members of the Hubei Provincial Alliance of Alliance as the core.[3]
After Yuan Shikai succeeded Sun Wen (Sun Yat-sen) as the interim president, Jiang Zuobin, who belonged to the revolutionary faction, was very repulsive to Yuan Shikai. In 1915 (the 4th year of the Republic of China) Yuan Shikai proclaimed himself emperor and Chiang resigned due to illness. Yuan Shikai was afraid that Jiang Zuobin would oppose him, so he imprisoned him in Beijing Xishan. The following year, when National Protection War intensified, Chiang was released. On May 4, 1916, he was awarded "General Yiwei" by the General Mansion.
Yuan Shikai died in June 1916 (the fifth year of the Republic of China), Li Yuanhong became president, and Jiang Zuobin was promoted to deputy director of the General Staff Headquarters. In July of the following year, Manchu Restoration to power and Li Yuanhong lost power. Duan Qirui, who took the real power in his place, wanted to invite Jiang Zuobin to serve, but Jiang refused. Afterwards, Jiang Zuobin turned to Sun Wen in the south. In September, Jiang Zuobin, with Sun Wen's consent, went to European and American countries to inspect the international situation.
Close associate of Sun Wen and Chiang Kai-shek
In February 1919 (the 8th year of the Republic of China), Jiang Zuobin returned to China. At that time, Wang Zhanyuan's voice rose as Hubei society opposed the two-lake patrol that dominated Hubei province. With the joint efforts of Hubei's far-sighted people such as Jiang Zuobin and Li Shucheng, the banner of "Hubei Autonomy" was raised in July 1921 (the 10th year of the Republic of China). The movement to overthrow the king began. Jiang Zuobin was promoted to the director of Hubei Province, and Wang Zhanyuan was eventually dismissed. Expelled from Hubei Province.[4]
Later, Wu Peifu's forces took control of Hubei Province, and Jiang Zuobin returned to Sun Wen again. As Sun's entourage, Jiang Zuobin carried out various political and military work. Sun Wen went to Beijing in November 1924 (the 13th year of the Republic of China), and Jiang Zuobin accompanied him. Sun Wen died in Beijing in March of the following year.
In July 1926 (the 15th year of the Republic of China), Jiang Zuobin served as the Xuanfu envoy to Jiangxi and the Xuanfu envoy to Hubei during the Nationalist Government's Northern Expedition. After that, Chiang Zuobin promoted activities to support Chiang Kai-shek. In March of the following year, Jiang Zuobin carried out political work on Chen Tiaoyuan, commander-in-chief of the Anhui Army on the Beijing government side, and asked him to join the National Government side. In April of the following year, the Shanghai massacre occurred in Shanghai, and Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist government was established. Jiang Zuobin was appointed as a member of the National Government and a member of the Military Commission.
In April 1928 (the 17th year of the Republic of China), during the Second Northern Expedition, Jiang Zuobin served as chairman of the Field Political Affairs Committee. After he arrived in Jinan on May 3, the Jinan Incident occurred, and Jiang Zuobin was also involved. On May 9, he broke through the Japanese encirclement. Jiang Zuobin advised Chiang Kai-shek to continue the Northern Expedition. In June, the Northern Expeditionary Army arrived in Beijing, the Field Political Affairs Committee was dissolved, and Jiang Zuobin was appointed as a member of the Peking Political Branch.[2]
Activities of Diplomats
In October 1928, Jiang Zuobin was appointed minister to Germany and Austria. In November, he held talks with German Foreign Minister Gustav Stresemann to China–Germany relations (1912–1949). In March 1929 (the 18th year of the Republic of China), the first disarmament conference of the League of Nations was held in Geneva. Jiang Zuobin served as China's representative to attend the conference and spoke in Chinese. This was also the first time that a Chinese speech was made at a League of Nations meeting. At that time, representatives of the Soviet Union proposed to Jiang Zuobin to sign a non-aggression pact. Chiang Kai-shek agreed, but he did not obtain the consent of the Chinese Kuomintang and it was not realized. In 1931 (the 20th year of the Republic of China), Jiang Zuobin returned to China via the Soviet Union.[5]
At the end of August of the same year, Jiang Zuobin was appointed minister to Japan and went to Japan to take office. Before arriving in Japan, Mukden incident broke out. Jiang Zuobin's personal advocacy of a hard line was not in line with Chiang Kai-shek's expectations, so Jiang Zuobin followed Chiang Kai-shek's instructions and adopted a restrained attitude towards Japan. In May 1935 (the 24th year of the Republic of China), the two embassies were upgraded to embassies, and Jiang Zuobin became China's first ambassador to Japan. When Jiang Zuobin served as minister and ambassador to Japan, Eiji Amaha, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan), issued the "Amaha Statement" and the Hirota Three Principles were proposed. Jiang Zuobin was responsible for negotiating with Kōki Hirota on outstanding cases between the two countries. Jiang Zuobin's line of compromise with Japan was met with opposition from all over China. In December of the same year, in response to Japanese aggression, the Nationalist Government was reorganized. Wang Jingwei resigned as President of the Executive Council, and Jiang Zuobin was dismissed as Ambassador to Japan. After returning to China, he became Minister of the Interior of the National Government.
Old Age
In December 1936 (the 25th year of the Republic of China), Jiang Zuobin went to Xi'an as a follower of Chiang Kai-shek. Soon, Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng launched the Xi'an Incident, and Jiang Zuobin was placed under house arrest. After the incident was resolved, he returned to Nanjing. In November 1937 (the 26th year of the Republic of China), he served as chairman of the Anhui Provincial Government and resigned two months later. Later, he served as a member of the Central Supervisory Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang and the director of the political affairs group of the Party and Government Work Assessment Committee.
He died of pneumonia in Chongqing on December 24, 1942 (the 32nd year of the Republic of China). He died at the age of 59 (58 years old).
Family
In 1912, Mr. Jiang Zuobin and Ms. Zhang Shujia (sister of Zhang Mojun) got married with Huang Xing personally acting as matchmaker. The two lived together for 27 years and raised 8 sons and 5 daughters. In 1938, Ms. Zhang Shujia died of illness at the age of 50. In the same year, Jiang married Ms. Tang Runqiong and had 2 children after their marriage.
The eldest son, Jiang Shuomin, was born in Beijing on March 11, 1913, and died in Beijing on May 11, 1992. He is a professor at Beijing Normal University. His research interests are partial differential equations and modern algebra. Jiang Shuomin is a pioneer in the subject of partial differential equations in China and one of the early introducers of modern algebra. He concentrated on Western knowledge, trained many outstanding talents, and devoted all his life's energy to education.
Second son Jiang Shuoying
The third son, Jiang Shuohao, is an aviation machinery expert. He has served as the Finance and Equipment Minister of the United Nations International Civil Aviation Organization for more than 30 years.
The fourth son, Jiang Shuojie, is an economist. His daughter, Grace Jiang, later married Lars Peter Hansen. Hansen won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2013.
The fifth son, Jiang Shuozhi, is an expert in electrical engineering.
Sixth son Jiang Shuoping
Seventh Son Jiang Shuowen
The eighth son, Jiang Shuojian, was born in Yingcheng, Hubei Province. Professor at Peking University School of Chemistry, now retired.[6]
The eldest daughter Jiang Shuode and her son Li Wuwei were former vice-chairmen of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.
Second daughter Jiang Shuozhen
The third daughter Jiang Shuoan
The fourth daughter Jiang Shuomei
The youngest daughter Jiang Shuoneng has a step-aunt Zhang Mojun.
References
- ↑ 《造化元钥评注》，徐乐吾，宏业书局，ISBN：1020527-6
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Jiang, Zuobin (October 1990). 蒋作宾日记 (in 中文). 江苏古籍出版社. ISBN 7805191956.
- ↑ "西安事变数据库". www.sxlib.org.cn. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
- ↑ "蒋作宾(国民革命军陆军一级上将)_应城市近现代人物专题-旅景名人网". mingren.qi18.com. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
- ↑ Shi, Yao (1994). "蒋作宾与中国话" [Jiang Zuobin and Chinese Language]. 《湖北工程学院学报》 (in 中文): 91–91 – via cqvip.
- ↑ 高拜石 正中書局版 <新編古春風樓瑣記>(廿一) P42
External links
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