Anacharis zealandica
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Anacharis zealandica, commonly known as the lacewing parasitoid wasp, is a New Zealand species that parasitises lacewings like Micromus tasmaniae and Drepanacra binocula.[1][2]
Taxonomy
Anacharis zealandica is the species name and Anacharis is the genus.[3] Anacharis zealandica was first described in 1900 by William H. Ashmead. [4] Anacharis zealandica belongs to the family Figitidae, the order Hymenoptera, the class Insecta, the phylum Arthropoda, the kingdom Animalia, and the domain Eukaryota. [5] The common name of Anacharis zealandica is Lacewing Parasitoid Wasp. [6]
Description
Anacharis zealandica pair of eyes are on the sides of its head for optimal peripheral vision to see both prey and predator coming from all directions. [7] This eye structure is discoverable in all wasp species as well as Diptera. [8] The body of Anacharis zealandica has a glossy, shiny look. [9] The legs are a lighter shade of brown than the body. [10] Both Anacharis zealandica pair of wings are transparent, scaly, and thin, with one pair being larger than the other. [11] The size of an adult Anacharis zealandica is often around 5mm long. [12] Adult Anacharis zealandica have a head width of roughly 0.5mm. [13] Many Hymenoptera including Anacharis zealandica use the hairs on their body to enhance their smell and taste senses. [14] Anacharis Zealandica has a thin waist (petiole) that connects its abdomen and thorax. [15] Anacharis zealandica has 3 pairs of jointed legs and a pair of jointed antennae. [16] Anacharis zealandica is a rare species to find due to its size so I could not find any information on larvae identification.
Geographic Distribution and habitat
Anacharis zealandica is native to New Zealand.[17] In the North Island of New Zealand, Anacharis zealandica has been found in Bay of Plenty, Coromandel, Hawke's Bay, Auckland, Taranaki, Taupo, Whanganui, Northland, Waikato, and Wellington. [18] In the South Island, Anacharis zealandica has been found in Central Otago, Dunedin, Kaikoura, Buller, Mid Canterbury, Mackenzie, Nelson, Marlborough, South Canterbury, Marlborough Sounds, Southland, Westland, and Otago Lakes. [19] Anacharis zealandica has also been found throughout Australia. [20] In Australia, Anacharis zealandica has been found in South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australia. [21] The only part of Australia in which Anacharis zealandica has not been found is the Northern Territory. [22] Anacharis zealandica has also been found on Kermadec Islands, Snares Islands, Three Kings Islands, and Chatham Islands, all off the coast of New Zealand. [23]
The preferred habitat of Anacharis zealandica as a larva is the brown lacewing Micromus tasmaniae which is why the common name of Anacharis zealandica is lacewing parasitoid wasp. [24] Micromus tasmaniae has enough energy to host Anacharis zealandica so Anacharis zealandica can harvest the energy to feed off the lacewing as a larva. [24] Micromus tasmaniae prefers habitats with temperate weather conditions which are conditions Anacharis zealandica has adapted to since it needs Micromus tasmaniae to survive. [24] Micromus tasmaniae does not like hotter climates. [25] When individuals of Anacharis zealandica are larvae, Micromus tasmaniae is large enough to host Anacharis zealandica and keep both species alive. [24] Micromus tasmaniae prefers lowland shrubs and bush with not too high canopy cover. [25] As an adult, Anacharis zealandica prefers slightly cooler temperatures and areas with less high canopy cover. [25] Fagopyrum esculentum is another preferred habitat of Anacharis zealandica due to the floral assets the buckwheat flower can provide to Anacharis zealandica and its host. [25]
Life cycle/Phenology
Anacharis zealandica starts its life cycle as an egg within Micromus tasmaniae. Anacharis zealandica stays as an egg for roughly 4-10 days. [26] These eggs hatch into larva, living as a parasitoid of Micromus tasmaniae with the focus of feeding on the host. [27] Anacharis zealandica are larva for roughly 13-17 days. [28] Anacharis zealandica then become pupa for roughly 7-19 days until the individual then turns into an independent adult. [29] Anacharis zealandica live the rest of their life as an adult for roughly 2-3 weeks. [30] The reason for the variation of longevity in each part of the life cycle is due to habitat variation and living conditions. [31] As an adult, Anacharis zealandica feeds on nectar from flowers such as Fagopyrum esculentum. [32] This defines Anacharis zealandica as a life-history omnivore. [31] Buckwheat consumption contributes to a longer lifespan of adult Anacharis zealandica. [31]
Diet/Prey/Predators
Two preferred food sources of Anacharis zealandica are the buckwheat flower because of its nectar and Acyrthosiphon pisum aphids. [33] Honeydew is another food source consumed by Anacharis zealandica. [25] Micromus tasmaniae is another food source of Anacharis zealandica since it is the host of the parasitoid that uses the hosts energy. [34] Anacharis zealandica prefers food high in sugar levels. [33]
Anacharis zealandica is situated at the fourth trophic level, meaning it is a top predator. [34] Since Anacharis zealandica is part of the fourth trophic level, it is not in much danger of predator competition. [34] This is common for many parasites. [34] Species that are on the fourth trophic level such as Anacharis zealandica are not often parasitised as they are in the tertiary consumer level. [35] Parasitoids are quite prone to diseases. [34] This is because the host of parasitoids can adapt over time to release toxins and poisons that can potentially make the parasitoid sick and contract a disease. [34] Occasionally host organisms will need to do this because the parasitoid poses too much of a threat to the host. [34]
Other information
Abundance of Micromus tasmaniae decreases when there are high numbers of Anacharis zealandica. [5] This is because the parasitoid Anacharis zealandica can make the brown lacewing sick and weak by harvesting the hosts energy. [5] This decrease in abundance of Micromus tasmaniae has a follow-on effect of aphid populations in the nearby area increasing since they are a food source for Micromus tasmaniae. [5] Anacharis zealandica is an endoparasitoid and has picked its host well because aphids that are a food source for Micromus tasmaniae are also a food source for Anacharis zealandica. [36] Anacharis zealandica has an attraction to methyl salicylate, a compound that plants create to keep herbivores from eating the leaves. [26]
References
- ↑ "Lacewing Parasitoid Wasp (Anacharis zealandica)". iNaturalist. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
- ↑ New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Christchurch, N.Z.: Canterbury University Press. 2009–2012. ISBN 9781877257728.
- ↑ Mata-Casanova, Noel; Selfa, Jesús; Pujade-Villar, Juli (November 2015). "Current knowledge of the subfamily A nacharitinae ( H ymenoptera: F igitidae) in the A ustralasian region". Austral Entomology. 54 (4): 438–444. doi:10.1111/aen.12150. ISSN 2052-174X.
- ↑ Mata-Casanova, Noel; Selfa, Jesús; Pujade-Villar, Juli (November 2015). "Current knowledge of the subfamily A nacharitinae ( H ymenoptera: F igitidae) in the A ustralasian region". Austral Entomology. 54 (4): 438–444. doi:10.1111/aen.12150. ISSN 2052-174X.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "[No title found]". Zootaxa. 3878 (6). 2014. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3878.6. ISSN 1175-5334.
- ↑ Martoni, Francesco; Smith, Reannon L.; Piper, Alexander M.; Nancarrow, Narelle; Aftab, Mohammad; Trebicki, Piotr; Kimber, Rohan B. E.; Rodoni, Brendan C.; Blacket, Mark J. (2023-02-02). "Non-destructive insect metabarcoding as a surveillance tool for the Australian grains industry: a first trial for the iMapPESTS smart trap". Metabarcoding and Metagenomics. 7. doi:10.3897/mbmg.7.95650. ISSN 2534-9708.
- ↑ "[No title found]". Zootaxa. 3878 (6). 2014. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3878.6. ISSN 1175-5334.
- ↑ "[No title found]". Zootaxa. 3878 (6). 2014. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3878.6. ISSN 1175-5334.
- ↑ "[No title found]". Zootaxa. 3878 (6). 2014. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3878.6. ISSN 1175-5334.
- ↑ Orre Gordon, G.U.S.; Wratten, S.D.; Jonsson, M.; Simpson, M.; Hale, R. (February 2013). "'Attract and reward': Combining a herbivore-induced plant volatile with floral resource supplementation – Multi-trophic level effects". Biological Control. 64 (2): 106–115. Bibcode:2013BiolC..64..106O. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2012.10.003.
- ↑ "[No title found]". Zootaxa. 3878 (6). 2014. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3878.6. ISSN 1175-5334.
- ↑ "[No title found]". Zootaxa. 3878 (6). 2014. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3878.6. ISSN 1175-5334.
- ↑ "Vol. 3878 No. 6: 30 October 2014 | Zootaxa". Zootaxa. 3878 (6). 2014. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3878.6.
- ↑ "[No title found]". Zootaxa. 3878 (6). 2014. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3878.6. ISSN 1175-5334.
- ↑ Paretas-Martínez, Jordi; Forshage, Mattias; Buffington, Matthew; Fisher, Nicole; La Salle, John; Pujade-Villar, Juli (February 2013). "Overview of A ustralian C ynipoidea ( H ymenoptera)". Australian Journal of Entomology. 52 (1): 73–86. doi:10.1111/j.1440-6055.2012.00877.x. ISSN 1326-6756.
- ↑ "Vol. 3878 No. 6: 30 Oct. 2014 | Zootaxa". Zootaxa. 3878 (6). 2014. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3878.6.
- ↑ Mata-Casanova, Noel; Selfa, Jesús; Pujade-Villar, Juli (November 2015). "Current knowledge of the subfamily A nacharitinae ( H ymenoptera: F igitidae) in the A ustralasian region". Austral Entomology. 54 (4): 438–444. doi:10.1111/aen.12150. ISSN 2052-174X.
- ↑ "[No title found]". Zootaxa. 3878 (6). 2014. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3878.6. ISSN 1175-5334.
- ↑ "[No title found]". Zootaxa. 3878 (6). 2014. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3878.6. ISSN 1175-5334.
- ↑ Mata-Casanova, Noel; Selfa, Jesús; Pujade-Villar, Juli (November 2015). "Current knowledge of the subfamily A nacharitinae ( H ymenoptera: F igitidae) in the A ustralasian region". Austral Entomology. 54 (4): 438–444. doi:10.1111/aen.12150. ISSN 2052-174X.
- ↑ Mata-Casanova, Noel; Selfa, Jesús; Pujade-Villar, Juli (November 2015). "Current knowledge of the subfamily A nacharitinae ( H ymenoptera: F igitidae) in the A ustralasian region". Austral Entomology. 54 (4): 438–444. doi:10.1111/aen.12150. ISSN 2052-174X.
- ↑ Mata-Casanova, Noel; Selfa, Jesús; Pujade-Villar, Juli (November 2015). "Current knowledge of the subfamily A nacharitinae ( H ymenoptera: F igitidae) in the A ustralasian region". Austral Entomology. 54 (4): 438–444. doi:10.1111/aen.12150. ISSN 2052-174X.
- ↑ "[No title found]". Zootaxa. 3878 (6). 2014. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3878.6. ISSN 1175-5334.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 "Understorey management for the enhancement of populations of a leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) parasitoid (Dolichogenidea tasmanica (Cameron)) in Canterbury, New Zealand apple orchards". ResearchGate.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 Robinson, Katherine A. (2009). Use of floral resources by the lacewing Micromus tasmaniae and its parasitoid Anacharis zealandica, and the consequences for biological control by M. tasmaniae. Lincoln University (Thesis).
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Jonsson, M.; Wratten, S.D.; Robinson, K.A.; Sam, S.A. (June 2009). "The impact of floral resources and omnivory on a four trophic level food web". Bulletin of Entomological Research. 99 (3): 275–285. doi:10.1017/S0007485308006275. ISSN 0007-4853. PMID 19063752.
- ↑ Jonsson, M.; Wratten, S.D.; Robinson, K.A.; Sam, S.A. (June 2009). "The impact of floral resources and omnivory on a four trophic level food web". Bulletin of Entomological Research. 99 (3): 275–285. doi:10.1017/S0007485308006275. ISSN 0007-4853. PMID 19063752.
- ↑ Jonsson, M.; Wratten, S.D.; Robinson, K.A.; Sam, S.A. (June 2009). "The impact of floral resources and omnivory on a four trophic level food web". Bulletin of Entomological Research. 99 (3): 275–285. doi:10.1017/S0007485308006275. ISSN 0007-4853. PMID 19063752.
- ↑ Jonsson, M.; Wratten, S.D.; Robinson, K.A.; Sam, S.A. (June 2009). "The impact of floral resources and omnivory on a four trophic level food web". Bulletin of Entomological Research. 99 (3): 275–285. doi:10.1017/S0007485308006275. ISSN 0007-4853. PMID 19063752.
- ↑ Jonsson, M.; Wratten, S.D.; Robinson, K.A.; Sam, S.A. (June 2009). "The impact of floral resources and omnivory on a four trophic level food web". Bulletin of Entomological Research. 99 (3): 275–285. doi:10.1017/S0007485308006275. ISSN 0007-4853. PMID 19063752.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Jonsson, M.; Wratten, S.D.; Robinson, K.A.; Sam, S.A. (June 2009). "The impact of floral resources and omnivory on a four trophic level food web". Bulletin of Entomological Research. 99 (3): 275–285. doi:10.1017/S0007485308006275. ISSN 0007-4853. PMID 19063752.
- ↑ "Biological control of the blue-green lucerne aphid. The Canterbury situation". CABI Databases.
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 Jonsson, Mattias; Wratten, Steve D.; Landis, Doug A.; Tompkins, Jean-Marie L.; Cullen, Ross (September 2010). "Habitat manipulation to mitigate the impacts of invasive arthropod pests". Biological Invasions. 12 (9): 2933–2945. Bibcode:2010BiInv..12.2933J. doi:10.1007/s10530-010-9737-4. ISSN 1387-3547.
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 34.5 34.6 "CABI Digital Library". Attract and Reward: A Novel Approach to Enhance Biological Control.
- ↑ Blande, James D.; Glinwood, Robert, eds. (2016). Deciphering Chemical Language of Plant Communication. Signaling and Communication in Plants (1st ed. 2016 ed.). Cham: Springer International Publishing : Imprint: Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-33498-1.
- ↑ Fei, Minghui; Gols, Rieta; Harvey, Jeffrey A. (2023-01-23). "The Biology and Ecology of Parasitoid Wasps of Predatory Arthropods". Annual Review of Entomology. 68 (1): 109–128. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-120120-111607. ISSN 0066-4170. PMID 36198401.
External links
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