Garegin Nzhdeh's Zangezur Revolt
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The War over Mountainous Armenia was a military conflict which was fought by the Republic of Mountainous Armenia, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Azerbaijani Socialist Soviet Republic and the Turkish Nationalists.[1] It was initiated due to a failed Armenian coup in Yerevan against its Communist government, and lasted from 26 April 1921 until 13 July 1921.[2][3]
Background
The origins of the conflict began on September 24, 1920, following a Soviet invasion of the First Republic of Armenia. This invasion resulted in an Armenian coup in Yerevan which happened between February - April 1921, it had resulted in a defeat.[4] However, this coup greatly motivated the Armenian people, especially Garegin Nzhdeh who was in Syunik at the time, Garegin Nzhdeh began an armed uprising against the Soviets on April 26, 1921, with his army which composed primarily of armed citizens and Fedayis due to Soviet plans for the incorporation of Syunik into the newly formed Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic.[2][5][6]
The First Soviet-Turkic Offensive
Fighting broke out on 26 April, following an offensive by the Soviets which pushed Nzhdeh's forces from their positions in Ghapan-Meghri back to Katar mines in Ghapan. Nzhdeh faced great threats from the much larger Soviet army, due to this General Drastamat Kanayan had ordered Nzhdeh to withdraw from Syunik and disarm his troops, this struck Nzhdeh with disbelief, as he wrote to Kanayan:[7]
Map showcasing the conflict areaThe Soviets continued their offensive against Nzhdeh, this time at the Ghapan mines, the Soviet offensive used two collumns to attack the Armenians, however the Armenians resisted strongly, and the Soviet collumns faced heavy casualties and their attack was delayed. This strong resistance allowed the Armenians to retreat to the Zalingeol pass.
Nzhdeh's Withdrawal
Following the decisive Armenian victory, Nzhdeh made an agreement with the Soviets, in which Syunik was to be incorporated into Armenia in return for Nzhdeh's withdrawal from the region. The Soviets were forced to accept Nzhdeh's demand, as it seemed impossible to defeat his highly moralised army in the mountains of Syunik, and on 13 July 1921 Nzhdeh and his troops including leaders of the Republic of Armenia and many intellectuals withdrew from Syunik, crossing the border into the neighbouring city of Tabriz.[8][9]
References
- ↑ Hovannisian, Richard G (1996). The Republic of Armenia: Between Crescent and Sickle: Partition and Sovietization. Vol. 4. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0520088030.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Garegin NJDEH Biography". 2009-05-04. Archived from the original on 2009-05-04. Retrieved 2023-07-02.
- ↑ Hovannisian, Richard G. (1996). The Republic of Armenia: Between Crescent and Sickle: Partition and Sovietization. Vol. 4. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0520088047.
- ↑ "The Forgotten Revolution: The May Uprising of 1920 in Armenia | SEEJ". u.osu.edu. Retrieved 2023-07-02.
- ↑ Hovannisian, Richard G (1996). The Republic of Armenia: Between Crescent and Sickle: Partition and Sovietization. Vol 4. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-0520088047.
- ↑ "Garegin Nzhdeh (Ter-Harutyunyan), Armenian National Hero, Commander and Philosopher". auroraprize.com. Retrieved 2023-07-02.
- ↑ Hovannisian, Richard G (1996). Republic of Armenia: Between Crescent and Sickle: Partition and Sovietization. Vol. 4. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0520088030.
- ↑ Hovannisian, Richard G (1996). Republic of Armenia: Between Crescent and Sickle: Partition and Sovietization. Vol. 4. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 122–123. ISBN 978-0520088030.
- ↑ Chorbaijan, Levon (1994). The Caucasian Knot: The History & Geopolitics of Nagorno-Karabakh. London: Zed Books. p. 134. ISBN 9781856492881.
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